Education
The Need for Education:
Regard man as a mine rich in gems of inestimable value. Education
can, alone, cause it to reveal its treasures, and enable mankind to
benefit therefrom.
(Baha'u'llah: Gleanings, p. 260)
Man is even as steel, the essence of which is hidden: through
admonition and explanation, good counsel and education, that essence
will be brought to light. If, however, he be allowed to remain in
his original condition, the corrosion of lusts and appetites will
effectively destroy him.
(Baha'u'llah: Baha'i Education, p. 247)
The primary, the most urgent requirement is the promotion of
education. It is inconceivable that any nation should achieve
prosperity and success unless this paramount, this fundamental concern
is carried forward. The principal reason for the decline and fall of
peoples is ignorance.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Secret of Divine Civilization,
p. 109)
When we consider existence, we see that the mineral, vegetable, animal
and human worlds are all in need of an educator.
If the earth is not cultivated, it becomes a
jungle where useless weeds grow; but if a cultivator comes and tills
the ground, it produces crops which nourish living creatures. It is
evident, therefore, that the soil needs the cultivation of the
farmer. Consider the trees: if they remain without a
cultivator, they will be fruitless, and without fruit they are useless;
but if they receive the care of a gardener, these same barren trees
become fruitful, and through cultivation, fertilization and engrafting
the trees which had bitter fruits yield sweet fruits. These are
rational proofs; in this age the peoples of the world need the
arguments of reason.
The same is true with respect to
animals: notice that when the animal is trained it becomes
domestic, and also that man, if he is left without education, becomes
bestial, and, moreover, if left under the rule of nature, becomes lower
than an animal, whereas if he is educated he becomes an angel.
For the greater number of animals do not devour their own kind, but
men, in the Sudan, in the central regions of Africa, kill and eat each
other.
Now reflect that it is education that brings
the East and the West under the authority of man; it is education that
produces wonderful industries; it is education that spreads great
sciences and arts; it is education that makes manifest new discoveries
and institutions. If there were no educator, there would be no
such things as comforts, civilization or humanity. If a man be
left alone in a wilderness where he sees none of his own kind, he will
undoubtedly become a mere brute; it is then clear that an educator is
needed.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Some Answered Questions, pp.
7-8)
There are some who imagine that an innate sense of human dignity will
prevent man from committing evil actions and insure his spiritual and
material perfection. That is, that an individual who is characterized
with natural intelligence, high resolve, and a driving zeal, will,
without any consideration for the severe punishments consequent on evil
acts, or for the great rewards of righteousness, instinctively refrain
from inflicting harm on his fellow men and will hunger and thirst to do
good. And yet, if we ponder the lessons of history it will become
evident that this very sense of honor and dignity is itself one of the
bounties deriving from the instructions of the Prophets of God.
We also observe in infants the signs of aggression and lawlessness, and
that if a child is deprived of a teacher's instructions his undesirable
qualities increase from one moment to the next. It is therefore
clear that the emergence of this natural sense of human dignity and
honor is the result of education.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Secret of Divine Civilization,
pp. 97-98)
We must love all with love of the heart. Some are ignorant; they
must be trained and educated. One is sick; he must be
healed. Another is as a child; we must assist him to attain
maturity. We must not detest him who is ailing, neither shun him,
scorn nor curse him, but care for him with the utmost kindness and
tenderness. An infant must not be treated with disdain simply
because it is an infant. Our responsibility is to train, educate
and develop it in order that it may advance toward maturity.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Promulgation of Universal
Peace, p. 63)
The Prophets Are Educators:
The Prophets and Messengers of God have been sent down for the sole
purpose of guiding mankind to the straight Path of Truth. The
purpose underlying Their revelation hath been to educate all men, that
they may, at the hour of death, ascend, in the utmost purity and
sanctity and with absolute detachment, to the throne of the Most High.
(Baha'u'llah: Gleanings, pp. 156-157)
In brief, Baha'u'llah hath become manifest to educate all the peoples
of the world. He is the Universal Educator, whether of the rich
or the poor, whether of black or white, or of peoples from east or
west, or north or south.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Selections ...
`Abdu'l-Baha, p. 195)
Kinds of Education:
But education is of three kinds: material, human and
spiritual. Material education is concerned with the progress and
development of the body, through gaining its sustenance, its material
comfort and ease. This education is common to animals and man.
Human education signifies civilization and
progress - that is to say, government, administration, charitable
works, trades, arts and handicrafts, sciences, great inventions and
discoveries and elaborate institutions, which are the activities
essential to man as distinguished from the animal.
Divine education is that of the Kingdom of
God: it consists in acquiring divine perfections, and this is
true education; for in this state man becomes the focus of divine
blessings, the manifestation of the words, "Let Us make man in Our
image, and after Our likeness."(1) This is the goal of the world
of humanity.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Some Answered Questions, p.
8)
...Baha'u'llah considered education as one of the most fundamental
factors of a true civilization. This education, however, in order
to be adequate and fruitful, should be comprehensive in nature and
should take into consideration not only the physical and the
intellectual side of man but also his spiritual and ethical aspects.
(Shoghi Effendi: Lights of Guidance, p.
211)
Duty to Acquire Beneficial Knowledge:
Arts, crafts and sciences uplift the world of being, and are conducive
to its exaltation. Knowledge is as wings to man's life, and a
ladder for his ascent. Its acquisition is incumbent upon
everyone. The knowledge of such sciences, however, should be
acquired as can profit the peoples of the earth, and not those which
begin with words and end with words.
(Baha'u'llah: Epistle to the Son of the Wolf,
p. 26)
The learned of the day must direct the people to acquire those branches
of knowledge which are of use, that both the learned themselves and the
generality of mankind may derive benefits therefrom. Such
academic pursuits as begin and end in words alone have never been and
will never be of any worth.
(Baha'u'llah: Tablets of Baha'u'llah, p.
169)
There are certain pillars which have been established as the
unshakeable supports of the Faith of God. The mightiest of these
is learning and the use of the mind, the expansion of consciousness,
and insight into the realities of the universe and the hidden mysteries
of Almighty God.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Selections ...
`Abdu'l-Baha, p. 126)
The Role of Parents:
Unto every father hath been enjoined the instruction of his son and
daughter in the art of reading and writing and in all that hath been
laid down in the Holy Tablet. He that putteth away that which is
commanded unto him, the Trustees are then to take from him that which
is required for their instruction if he be wealthy and, if not, the
matter devolveth upon the House of Justice. Verily have We made
it a shelter for the poor and needy. He that bringeth up his son
or the son of another, it is as though he hath brought up a son of
Mine; upon him rest My glory, My loving-kindness, My mercy, that have
compassed the world.
(Baha'u'llah: The Kitab-i-Aqdas, p. 37)
And among the teachings of Baha'u'llah is the promotion of
education. Every child must be instructed in sciences as much as
is necessary. If the parents are able to provide the expenses of
this education, it is well, otherwise the community must provide the
means for the teaching of that child.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Selections ...
`Abdu'l-Baha, p. 304)
The mother is the first teacher of the child. For children, at
the beginning of life, are fresh and tender as a young twig, and can be
trained in any fashion you desire. If you rear the child to be
straight, he will grow straight, in perfect symmetry. It is clear
that the mother is the first teacher and that it is she who
establisheth the character and conduct of the child.
Wherefore, O ye loving mothers, know ye that
in God's sight, the best of all ways to worship Him is to educate the
children and train them in all the perfections of humankind; and no
nobler deed than this can be imagined.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Education, pp. 288-289)
Let the mothers consider that whatever concerneth the education of
children is of the first importance. Let them put forth every
effort in this regard, for when the bough is green and tender it will
grow in whatever way ye train it. Therefore is it incumbent upon the
mothers to rear their little ones even as a gardener tendeth his young
plants. Let them strive by day and by night to establish within
their children faith and certitude, the fear of God, the love of the
Beloved of the worlds, and all good qualities and traits. Whensoever a
mother seeth that her child hath done well, let her praise and applaud
him and cheer his heart; and if the slightest undesirable trait should
manifest itself, let her counsel the child and punish him, and use
means based on reason, even a slight verbal chastisement should this be
necessary. It is not, however, permissible to strike a child, or
vilify him, for the child's character will be totally perverted if he
be subjected to blows or verbal abuse.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Selections ...
`Abdu'l-Baha, p. 125)
Character Training:
As to the children: We have directed that in the beginning they
should be trained in the observances and laws of religion; and
thereafter, in such branches of knowledge as are of benefit, and in
commercial pursuits that are distinguished for integrity, and in deeds
that will further the victory of God's Cause or will attract some
outcome which will draw the believer closer to his Lord.
(Baha'u'llah: Baha'i Education, pp.
250-251)
Among the safeguards of the Holy Faith is the training of children, and
this is among the weightiest of principles in all the Divine Teachings.
Thus from the very beginning mothers must rear their infants in the
cradle of good morals - for it is the mothers who are the first
educators - so that, when the child cometh to maturity, he will
prove to be endowed with all the virtues and qualities that are worthy
of praise.
And further, according to the Divine
commandments, every child must learn reading and writing, and acquire
such branches of knowledge as are useful and necessary, as well as
learning an art or skill. The utmost care must be devoted to
these matters; any neglect of them, any failure to act on them, is not
permissible.
Observe how many penal institutions, houses of
detention and places of torture are made ready to receive the sons of
men, the purpose being to prevent them, by punitive measures, from
committing terrible crimes - whereas this very torment and
punishment only increaseth depravity, and by such means the desired aim
cannot be properly achieved.
Therefore must the individual be trained from
his infancy in such a way that he will never undertake to commit a
crime, will, rather, direct all his energies to the acquisition of
excellence, and will look upon the very commission of an evil deed as
in itself the harshest of all punishments, considering the sinful act
itself to be far more grievous than any prison sentence. For it
is possible so to train the individual that, although crime may not be
completely done away with, still it will become very rare.
The purport is this, that to train the
character of humankind is one of the weightiest commandments of God,
and the influence of such training is the same as that which the sun
exerteth over tree and fruit. Children must be most carefully watched
over, protected and trained; in such consisteth true parenthood and
parental mercy.
Otherwise, the children will turn into weeds
growing wild, and become the cursed, Infernal Tree,(2) knowing not
right from wrong, distinguishing not the highest of human qualities
from all that is mean and vile; they will be brought up in vainglory,
and will be hated of the Forgiving Lord.
Wherefore doth every child, new-risen in the
garden of Heavenly love, require the utmost training and care.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Education, pp. 262-263)
Train these children with divine exhortations. From their
childhood instill in their hearts the love of God so they may manifest
in their lives the fear of God and have confidence in the bestowals of
God. Teach them to free themselves from human imperfections and
to acquire the divine perfections latent in the heart of man. The
life of man is useful if he attains the perfections of man. If he
becomes the center of the imperfections of the world of humanity, death
is better than life, and nonexistence better than existence.
Therefore, make ye an effort in order that these children may be
rightly trained and educated and that each one of them may attain
perfection in the world of humanity.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Promulgation of Universal
Peace, pp. 53-54)
Training in morals and good conduct is far more important than book
learning. A child that is cleanly, agreeable, of good character,
well-behaved - even though he be ignorant - is preferable to a child
that is rude, unwashed, ill-natured, and yet becoming deeply versed in
all the sciences and arts. The reason for this is that the child
who conducts himself well, even though he be ignorant, is of benefit to
others, while an ill-natured, ill-behaved child is corrupted and
harmful to others, even though he be learned. If, however, the
child be trained to be both learned and good, the result is light upon
light.
Children are even as a branch that is fresh
and green; they will grow up in whatever way ye train them. Take
the utmost care to give them high ideals and goals, so that once they
come of age, they will cast their beams like brilliant candles on the
world, and will not be defiled by lusts and passions in the way of
animals, heedless and unaware, but instead will set their hearts on
achieving everlasting honour and acquiring all the excellences of
humankind.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Selections ...
`Abdu'l-Baha, pp. 135-136)
Curriculum:
It is incumbent upon the children to exert themselves to the utmost in
acquiring the art of reading and writing.... Writing skills that
will provide for urgent needs will be enough for some; and then it is
better and more fitting that they should spend their time in studying
those branches of knowledge which are of use.
(Baha'u'llah: The Arts, p. 2)
The subjects to be taught in children's school are many, and for lack
of time We can touch on only a few: First and most important is
training in behaviour and good character; the rectification of
qualities; arousing the desire to become accomplished and acquire
perfections, and to cleave unto the religion of God and stand firm in
His Laws: to accord total obedience to every just government, to
show forth loyalty and trustworthiness to the ruler of the time, to be
well wishers of mankind, to be kind to all.
And further, as well as in the ideals of
character, instruction in such arts and sciences as are of benefit, and
in foreign tongues. Also, the repeating of prayers for the
well-being of ruler and ruled; and the avoidance of materialistic works
that are current among those who see only natural causation, and tales
of love, and books that arouse the passions.
To sum up, let all the lessons be entirely
devoted to the acquisition of human perfections.
Here, then, in brief are directions for the
curriculum of these schools.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Education, pp. 282-283)
Not all, however, will be able to engage in these advanced studies.
Therefore, such children must be sent to industrial schools where they
can also acquire technical skills, and once the child becomes
proficient in such a skill, then let consideration be given to the
child's own preference and inclinations. If a child hath a liking
for commerce, then let him choose commerce; if industry, then industry;
if for higher education, then the advancement of knowledge; if for some
other of the responsibilities of humankind, then that. Let him be
placed in the field for which he hath an inclination, a desire, and a
talent.
(`Abdu'l-Baha: Education, p. 282)
1. Cf. Gen. 1:26.
2. The Zaqqum, Qur'an 37:60, 44:43
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